Important Landmarks and Monuments – General Knowledge Notes

1. Taj Mahal (India)

  • Location: Agra, India
  • Built by: Emperor Shah Jahan
  • Year: 1632-1653
  • Fact: Built as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, it is a symbol of love and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

2. Great Wall of China (China)

  • Location: Northern China
  • Built by: Multiple dynasties, notably the Qin and Ming Dynasties
  • Length: ~13,170 miles (21,196 km)
  • Fact: Built to protect against invasions from nomadic tribes like the Mongols. The current structure was primarily built during the Ming Dynasty (14th-17th centuries).

3. Eiffel Tower (France)

  • Location: Paris, France
  • Built by: Gustave Eiffel
  • Year: 1887-1889
  • Fact: Initially criticized, now a global cultural icon. At 324 meters, it was the tallest structure in the world until 1930.

4. Statue of Liberty (USA)

  • Location: New York, USA
  • Designed by: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi
  • Year: 1886
  • Fact: A gift from France to the USA commemorating liberty and democracy, inscribed with Emma Lazarus’s famous poem “The New Colossus.”

5. Colosseum (Italy)

  • Location: Rome, Italy
  • Built by: Emperor Vespasian and completed under Titus
  • Year: 70-80 AD
  • Fact: Known for gladiatorial battles, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built and a symbol of ancient Roman engineering.

6. Machu Picchu (Peru)

  • Location: Andes Mountains, Peru
  • Built by: Inca Empire
  • Year: ~1450
  • Fact: Discovered by Hiram Bingham in 1911, it’s considered one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.

7. Pyramids of Giza (Egypt)

  • Location: Giza, Egypt
  • Built by: Pharaohs Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure
  • Year: ~2580-2560 BC
  • Fact: The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only remaining wonder of the original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

8. Christ the Redeemer (Brazil)

  • Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • Built by: Heitor da Silva Costa, with contributions from sculptor Paul Landowski
  • Year: 1931
  • Fact: At 98 feet tall, it is one of the most iconic statues in the world, symbolizing Christianity.

9. Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italy)

  • Location: Pisa, Italy
  • Built by: Bonanno Pisano (initially)
  • Year: 1173-1372
  • Fact: The tower leans due to unstable foundation soil. Efforts have been made to stabilize the tilt since the late 20th century.

10. Acropolis of Athens (Greece)

  • Location: Athens, Greece
  • Built by: Pericles (Patron of construction)
  • Year: ~5th century BC
  • Fact: Home to the Parthenon, the Acropolis is a symbol of Ancient Greek culture and philosophy.

11. Mount Rushmore (USA)

  • Location: South Dakota, USA
  • Sculpted by: Gutzon Borglum
  • Year: 1927-1941
  • Fact: Depicts U.S. Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, and Lincoln, representing the nation’s birth, growth, development, and preservation.

12. Sydney Opera House (Australia)

  • Location: Sydney, Australia
  • Designed by: Jørn Utzon
  • Year: Completed in 1973
  • Fact: Known for its sail-like design, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a symbol of modern architecture.

13. Petra (Jordan)

  • Location: Ma’an Governorate, Jordan
  • Built by: Nabataeans
  • Year: ~312 BC
  • Fact: Known for its rock-cut architecture, including the famous Treasury (Al-Khazneh), it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

14. Angkor Wat (Cambodia)

  • Location: Siem Reap, Cambodia
  • Built by: King Suryavarman II
  • Year: Early 12th century
  • Fact: The largest religious monument in the world, originally Hindu and later converted to Buddhism.

15. Sagrada Familia (Spain)

  • Location: Barcelona, Spain
  • Designed by: Antoni Gaudí
  • Year: Construction started in 1882 (ongoing)
  • Fact: Known for its elaborate, symbolic architecture, Sagrada Familia is still under construction, with a projected completion date in the mid-21st century.

16. Kremlin and Red Square (Russia)

  • Location: Moscow, Russia
  • Built by: Multiple architects (notably under Ivan III in the late 15th century)
  • Fact: The Kremlin is the seat of Russian political power, and Red Square is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

17. Alhambra (Spain)

  • Location: Granada, Spain
  • Built by: Nasrid Dynasty
  • Year: Completed in the 14th century
  • Fact: A stunning example of Moorish architecture, it reflects the Islamic influence in medieval Spain.

18. The Great Sphinx of Giza (Egypt)

  • Location: Giza, Egypt
  • Built by: Likely during the reign of Pharaoh Khafre (~2500 BC)
  • Fact: The Sphinx, with a lion’s body and a human head, is a symbol of ancient Egyptian power and wisdom.

19. Stonehenge (UK)

  • Location: Wiltshire, England
  • Built by: Neolithic people
  • Year: ~3000 BC – 2000 BC
  • Fact: Its exact purpose remains a mystery, though it is believed to have astronomical and ceremonial significance.

20. Brandenburg Gate (Germany)

  • Location: Berlin, Germany
  • Built by: Carl Gotthard Langhans
  • Year: Completed in 1791
  • Fact: A symbol of Germany’s reunification after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

21. Hagia Sophia (Turkey)

  • Location: Istanbul, Turkey
  • Built by: Emperor Justinian I
  • Year: 537 AD
  • Fact: Initially a church, later a mosque, and now a museum. It is a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture.

22. Neuschwanstein Castle (Germany)

  • Location: Bavaria, Germany
  • Built by: King Ludwig II of Bavaria
  • Year: 1869-1886
  • Fact: Often referred to as the “fairy-tale” castle, it inspired Disney’s Sleeping Beauty Castle.

23. Moai Statues (Easter Island)

  • Location: Easter Island, Chile
  • Built by: Rapa Nui people
  • Year: 1400s-1600s
  • Fact: Carved from volcanic tuff, their purpose remains a mystery, though they likely represent ancestral figures.

24. Forbidden City (China)

  • Location: Beijing, China
  • Built by: Ming Dynasty
  • Year: 1406-1420
  • Fact: The imperial palace of Chinese emperors for nearly 500 years, is now a museum and UNESCO World Heritage Site.

25. Burj Khalifa (UAE)

  • Location: Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • Height: 828 meters (2,717 feet)
  • Year: Completed in 2010
  • Fact: The tallest building in the world, symbolizing Dubai’s rapid modernization.